addisons and cushings!!!

hai guys!!

ADDISONS DISEASE  u need to ADD harmone!!

CUSHINGS SYONDROME u have EXTRA CUSHION of harmone!!

medi notes :)

ORANGE in med

hai guys

this is actually given by my friend!! this might be useful!! 

• .Orange placenta---- syphilis 

• .Orange tonsils --- Tangiers disease

• .peau'd orange appearance--- Ca. breast 

• .Orange discolouration of urine-- dehydration

 

• .Drugs causing orange discoloration of urine--rifampicin, furazolidone, sulfosalazine, Rifabutin ,Entacapone,       Clofazimine  

• .Orange discolouration of skin--carotenodermia 

• .Orange/saffron coloured amniotic fluid-- post maturity 

• .Orange skin cornea is seen in Mustard Gas poisoning used in biological warfare 

• .Orange cylinder - - Cyclopropane 

we can see the orange placenta, tonsils, peau de appearance, urine,carotenderma,amniotic fluid and the mustard gas poisioning :)

medinotes!! :

cleidocranial dysostis

hai guys!!

CLEIDOCRANIAL DYSTOSIS

cleido  =collor bone
cranial= cranium
collor bone and cranium deformities!!

▪congenital, mostly autosomal dominant

▪common feature:
    #clavicle -partly missing or absent.if partly present removed coz of nerve damage.the shoulders droop,shoulders can be approximated anteriorly in frong of chest
    #fontanells closess late or fails to close-a large soft spot
    #bones and joints underdeveloped
    #teeth improper devlopment

a very rare condition. develop about 1 in a million

medinotes!:)

areas of heart auscultation

hey guys!!
found this might be usefu 2 all! :) have a good day

5 AREAS OF HEART AUSCULTATION:

There is an easy way to remember the 5 areas where heart sounds can be heard (ie, 5 areas of auscultatioof heart )

"All People Enjoy Time Magazine"

▪Aortic area: right 2nd intercoastal space upper right
sternal border

▪Pulmonic/Pulmonary area: left 2nd intercoastal space upper left sternal border

▪Erb's point/Secondary aortic area : 3rd intercoastal space left sternal border

▪Tricuspid area: 4th/5th intercoastal space left sternal border

▪Mitral Area: 5th intercoastal space mid clavicular line

medinotes!!

pterygoid muscles

HAI GUYS!!

Pterygoid Muscles

"La" - your jaw is now open, so lateral opens mouth.

"Me"- your jaw is still closed, so medial closes the mouth.

MEDI NOTES  :)

CAPTOPRIL

hey guys!!

the captopril has the side effects CAPTOPRIL!!

C- cough
A- angioedema
P- proteinuria
T- teratogenic
O- hypOtension
P- neuto Penia
R- rashes
I- itching
L- loss of taste sensation

hope this hepld u guys  memorize

medinotes! :)

amiodarone

hai guys!!

amiodarone is an class 3 anti arrhythmic drug.

Amiodarone: action, side effects

6 P's:

Prolongs action potential duration

Photosensitivity

Pigmentation of skin

Peripheral neuropathy

Pulmonary alveolitis andfibrosis

Peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is inhibited -hypothyroidism

medi notes :)

duodenum length :)

Hey guys!!

lengths of parts of duodenum.

1st part : 2 inches

2nd part: 3 inches

3rd part : 4 inches

4th part : 1 inch

count 1-4 but staggered!!

medinotes  :)

afferent? efferent?

hai guys!! :)

i generally  confuse for the afferent and the efferent..
i found an easy way to remember -

the afferent connection arrives &
the efferent  connection  exits!!

medinotes!

carotid sheath contents

hai guys!!

Carotid sheath contents:

I  See  10 CC's   in   the  IV

I See (I.C.) = I nternal C arotid artery
10 = CN 10 (Vagus nerve)
CC = C ommon C arotid artery
IV = I nternal Jugular Vein

medinotes :)

porphyrias

hey guys!!

▪The porphyrias are a group of rare diseases in which chemical substances called porphyrins accumulate.

▪The body requires porphyrins to produce heme , which carries oxygen in the blood; but, in the porphyrias, there is a deficiency (inherited or acquired) of the enzymes that transform the various porphyrins into others, leading to abnormally high levels of one or more of these substances.

▪This manifests with either neurological complications or skin problems or occasionally both.

Porphyrias are classified in two ways-
1.symptoms
2.pathophysiology.

Symptomatically   ▪acute porphyrias primarily cause brain and nerve involvement, often with severe abdominal pain, vomiting , neuropathy and mental

disturbances.

                              ▪Cutaneous porphyrias cause with skin manifestations often after exposure to sunlight, as porphyrins react with light.

Physiologically- ▪hepatic
                            ▪ erythropoietic
based on the sites of accumulation of heme precursors, either in the liver or bone marrow and red blood cells .

medinotes!! :) sorry for the bad picture quality

LICHEN PLANUS

hey guys!!

lichen Planus

the p's
Purple
Puritic Papules
Polygonal
Planar
Plaques

the pics show oral and the back lichen planus

medinotes :)

cushings disease! cushing syndrome! cushing reflex! cushing ulcer!

hey guys!!! :)

Cushing's syndrome is the term used to describe a group of symptoms that occur when a person's cortisol levels are too high (hypercortisolism) for too long.

Cushing's disease is a cause of Cushing's syndrome characterised by increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary ( secondary hypercortisolism). This is most often as a result of a pituitary adenoma (specifically pituitary basophilism) or due to excess production of hypothalamus CRH ( Corticotropin releasing hormone ) (tertiary hypercortisolism/hypercorticism) that stimulates the synthesis of adrenal glands

the symptoms are same wether its the disease or syndrome!! coz the disease cause the syndrome.

MOODIAH

M- moon face,buffalo hump

O- osteoporosis 

O- obesity and oedema from Na+ & H2O retension  

D- diabetes 

I- infections 

A- atherosclerosis 

H- hypertension, hirsutism 

A Cushing ulcer is a gastric ulcer produced by elevated intracranial pressure . It is also called von Rokitansky - Cushing syndrome 

the cushing reflex completely differs from the cushings syndrome 

Cushing reflex is a physiological nervous system response to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) that results in Cushing's triad 

It is usually seen in the terminal stages of acute head injury and may indicate imminent brain herniation. It can also be seen after the intravenous administration of epinephrine and similar drugs.

Cushing's triad is a clinical triad variably defined as having:

Irregular respirations (caused by impaired brainstem function)

Bradycardia

Systolic hypertension (Widening Pulse Pressure)                                                             

medinotes :)

destroys IgM ?

treatment of serum with 2-mercaptoethanol  selectively  destroys  IgM withot effecting IgA antibodies

this method is utilised for diffrential estimation  of igM and IgG  antibodies

source- microbiology, 4th edition
              baveja

medinotes! :)

confused of antigen binding?

hey guys!!

the Antigen binds to the Aminoterminus (A's )(NH2) i.e at the variable regions.
there are many hypervariable regions present in the variable regions of the H and L chains and are involved in the antigen binding.

3- hypervariable regions in Lchain
4-        "                  "               H chain

the site on the hypervariable region which  come in contact with the epitope (antigenic determinent i.e which induces the antibody formation) are called complementarity determining regions (CDR'S)

paratope- combining site on the antibody
                    corresponding epitope

medinotes :)

algae in water filtration?? whooo

hey guys!!

Vital layer or Schmutzdecke!!

slow sand filters!! or biological filters !!
formation of vital layer- ripening of filter.

schmutzdecke -naturally occurring gelatinous
layer of living biological matter on a sand-
based water filter, for which it provides
additional filtration.

Etymological Note : German
schmutz ‘dirt’ + decke ‘covering.’

The composition of any particular schmutzdecke varies,
but will typically consist of a gelatinous biofilm matrix of bacteria , fungi , protozoa, threads of algae and a range of aquatic insect larvae. As a schmutzdecke ages, more algae tend to develop, and larger aquatic organisms may be present including some bryozoa , snails and annelid worm. until the layer is formed,the first few days the filter is usually run to waste.

-heart of slowsand filter
- hypogeal biological layer
-formed on the surface of a slow sand filter .
- layer that provides the effective purification in the
    potable water treatment, the underlying sand
    providing the support medium for this biological
    treatment layer.

#when the filter is newly laid it acts merly as an mechanical strainer and cannot truly considered  as biological.

medinotes :)

national immunisation schedule (india

hey guys!!

lets learn about the NSI.
i actually loved my notes so thought of sharing with u guys.

the picture shows the information of the vaccines that should be give from the time of birth.

the Japanese encephalitis- it is given only in the  endemic areas.  given at the age of 18 months

vitamin A- total 1o doses.
                     given bianually.
                     oral.
                     1st dose- along with the measles 1st dose.
                     last dose-5 years.
                    1lakh IU-1st dose
                    2 lakh IU-2nd dose (>1yer of age)

medinotes :)
    

apgar score

The apgars score is taken at 1min and 5minutes after birth!
it requires immediate and careful  obervation of the
              1.heart rate
              2 . respiratory rate
              3. muscle tone
              4. reflex response
               5. colour
each sign is given a score- 0,1,2
perfect score- 9-10

score - 0 to 3- severe depression
              4 to 6- mild depression
              7 to 10- no depression
the mnemonic of apgar score is apgar itself!! as shown in the picture :)

medinotes :)

memorize propofol :)

hai guys!! :)

propofol

 p      -popular, preffered in asthmatic  (no bronchospasm)

 r       -rapid acting (occurs in 15-30sec)

 op    -preferred for out patient(OP)-cause residual imparment is less                     marked and short acting (lasts 5-10mins)

 o      -surgical prOcedures

 fol    -fall in bp 

the propofol is an parenteral general anaesthetic
available as 1% emulsion (oily) ( pain during adminstration) for i.v administration. 

the death of our favourite MJ is of acute propofol and benzodiazepam intoxication after suffering cardiac arrest 

medinotes :)

parotid gland surgery!! memorize nerve

Nerves endangered by Parotid Gland 

Surgery

"FARE"

-Facial

-Auriculotemporal

-Retromandibular vein

-External carotid artery

calcium channel blckers

Dipines make your legs dip in watery edema! :D


i.e calcium channel blockers cause edema of legs


ca channel blockers- amilodipin
                                     nifedipin